A ratio spread strategy is an options trading strategy that involves buying and selling different numbers of options contracts with the same expiration date, usually at different strike prices. The strategy gets its name from the unequal ratio between the purchased and sold contracts. A common example is a 1:2 ratio spread, where a trader buys one option and sells two options.

There are two main types: call ratio spreads and put ratio spreads. A call ratio spread generally involves buying one call option at a lower strike price and selling two calls at a higher strike price. A put ratio spread typically involves buying one put at a higher strike price and selling two puts at a lower strike price. Traders often use these strategies when they have a specific market outlook and expect the underlying stock to move toward a particular price area.

One potential advantage of a ratio spread is that it may require less upfront capital than simply buying multiple options. Depending on the strike prices and premiums, the strategy may even be established for a small credit. However, the additional short option can create significant risk if the stock moves sharply beyond the profitable range. Therefore, traders must understand the payoff structure and maximum potential loss before entering a position.

Ratio spreads can be useful for experienced options traders who have a defined market view and understand options pricing, volatility, and risk management. Before using one, traders should carefully evaluate the strike prices, expiration dates, implied volatility, breakeven points, and possible outcomes at expiration. Because losses can become substantial in certain market conditions, proper position sizing and risk management are essential.