A variable spread in forex trading refers to the difference between a currency pair's bid and ask price that fluctuates depending on market conditions. Unlike fixed spreads, which remain constant, variable spreads adjust dynamically due to market volatility, trading volume, and liquidity.

Variable spreads are common in forex trading because they align with real market conditions. During times of high liquidity, such as when major markets overlap or significant economic data is released, spreads tend to narrow. Conversely, spreads may widen significantly during periods of low liquidity or heightened volatility.

Variable spreads offer transparency, as they reflect actual market pricing without artificial markups. They are often preferred by experienced traders who rely on tighter spreads during active trading periods to reduce transaction costs. However, they also pose challenges for traders, particularly during news events, when spreads can widen unexpectedly, leading to higher trading costs or slippage.

Brokers offering variable spreads typically operate as non-dealing desk (NDD) brokers, connecting traders directly to the interbank market. This model ensures competitive pricing but requires traders to manage the risk of fluctuating spreads, especially when setting stop-loss or take-profit levels.

Understanding variable spreads is essential for developing effective trading strategies and managing costs.