The hub-and-spoke and mesh models describe two different ways networks are structured, commonly discussed in cross-chain technology, logistics, and communication systems. The key difference lies in how connections are organised and where coordination happens.

In a hub-and-spoke model, all networks or chains connect through a central hub. Each spoke communicates with the hub rather than directly with other spokes. In cross-chain systems, the hub handles message routing, security verification, and sometimes shared liquidity. This design is efficient and easier to manage, as adding a new chain only requires a single connection to the hub. It can also reduce complexity and improve scalability. However, the hub becomes a critical point of dependency. If it fails or is compromised, the entire network can be disrupted. It may also introduce centralisation risks and performance bottlenecks during high usage.

The mesh model takes a different approach. Here, each network can connect directly with multiple other networks. There is no central coordinator. This allows for greater decentralisation and resilience, since there is no single point of failure. Mesh models also support more flexible and direct communication paths, which can improve redundancy. The trade-off is complexity. As the number of networks grows, maintaining many direct connections becomes technically challenging and costly.

In practice, hub-and-spoke models prioritise simplicity and efficiency, while mesh models emphasise decentralisation and robustness. The choice depends on the goals of the system, the number of participants, and how much risk can be tolerated in terms of central control and operational complexity.