Individual investors can participate in an IPO (Initial Public Offering) through several avenues, allowing them to invest in a company's shares before they begin trading on the public market. Here are the primary methods:

1. Brokerage Accounts: Many brokerage firms offer access to IPOs to their clients. Investors need to have an account with a brokerage that has been allocated shares of the IPO. Large brokers often have a higher likelihood of securing IPO shares. Investors may need to meet certain criteria, such as account size or trading history, to be eligible.

2. Online Platforms: Some online investment platforms specialize in IPOs, providing a more accessible way for individual investors to participate. These platforms aggregate demand from retail investors to gain allocations in IPOs.

3. Mutual Funds and ETFs: Investing in mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that focus on IPOs or have a mandate to invest in new offerings can provide indirect exposure to IPOs. This approach offers diversification and professional management.

4. Company Allocation: Occasionally, companies going public may allocate a portion of their IPO shares to employees or customers. This can be a unique opportunity for individuals closely associated with the company.

Investors should conduct thorough research before participating in an IPO, considering the company's financials, market conditions, and the potential risks involved. Additionally, due to high demand and limited supply, securing IPO shares can be competitive, and not all requests may be fulfilled.