New cryptocurrencies are created through a process known as cryptocurrency mining or through the issuance of new tokens via initial coin offerings (ICOs). Here's a brief overview of each method:

1. Cryptocurrency Mining:
- Proof of Work (PoW): Many cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, are created through a process called mining, which involves solving complex mathematical problems using computational power. Miners compete to solve these problems, and the first one to succeed is rewarded with newly created cryptocurrency as well as transaction fees.
- Proof of Stake (PoS): Some cryptocurrencies, like Ethereum 2.0, use a Proof of Stake consensus mechanism. Instead of miners, validators are chosen to create new blocks and validate transactions based on the amount of cryptocurrency they hold and are willing to stake as collateral.

2. Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs):
- ICOs are a fundraising method where a new cryptocurrency project sells a portion of its newly created tokens to early investors in exchange for established cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum.
- Investors participating in ICOs hope that the value of the new tokens will increase over time, providing a potential return on their investment.
- ICOs gained popularity in the early stages of the cryptocurrency market, but regulatory scrutiny has increased due to concerns about scams and fraudulent activities. As a result, other fundraising methods, such as Security Token Offerings (STOs) and Initial Exchange Offerings (IEOs), have emerged with additional regulatory compliance features.